Further Reading
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Ahmed R, Lanier JG, Pamer E. Immunological Memory and Infection. In: Immunology of Infectious Diseases. Kaufmann SH, Sher A, Ahmed R (eds), Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2002;175–189.
Breedveld FC, Agarwal S, Yin M, et al. Relationship between clinical response, rituximab pharmacokinetics, and peripheral B cell levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:S138.
Carson DA, Chen PP, Kipps TJ. New roles for rheumatoid factor. J Clin Invest 1991;87:379–383.
Carter RH. B cells: new ways to inhibit their function in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004;6:357–363.
Chaiamnuay S, Bridges SL Jr. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology 2005;12:203–216.
Chan OT, Hannum LG, Haberman AM, et al. A novel mouse with B cells but lacking serum antibody reveals an antibody-independent role for B cells in murine lupus. J Exp Med 1999;189:1639–1648.
Chesnut RW, Grey HM. Antigen presentation by B cells and its significance in T–B interactions. Adv Immunol 1986;39:51–94. (Not currently available online).
Choy EH, Panayi GS. Cytokine pathways and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:907–916.
Cohen SB, Greenwald M, Dougados MR, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in active RA patients who experienced an inadequate response to one or more anti-TNFa therapies (REFLEX study). Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:S677.
Cook MC. B cell biology, apoptosis, and autoantibodies to phospholipids. Thromb Res 2004;114:307–319.
Dale DC, Federman DD. ACP Medicine. Chapter 116, WebMD Professional Publishing 2004.
Dörner T, Burmester GR. The role of B cells in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003;15:246–252.
Edwards JC, Cambridge G, Abrahams VM. Do self-perpetuating B lymphocytes drive human autoimmune disease? Immunology 1999;97:188–196.
Emery P, Fleischmann RM, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, et al. Rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. (DANCER). Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:S709.
Emery P, Fleischmann RM, Pavelka K, et al. Safety and tolerability of rituximab retreatment in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:S341.
Fleischmann RM, Racewicz AJ, Schechtman J, et al. Rituximab efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis is independent of coadministration of glucocorticoids: results from the dose-ranging assessment international clinical evaluation of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis (DANCER) study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:S130.
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Hoyer BF, Manz RA, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. Long-lived plasma cells and their contribution to autoimmunity. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1050:124–133.
Keystone EC, Burmester GR, Furie R, et al. Improved quality of life with rituximab plus methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who experienced inadequate response to one or more anti-TNF-a therapies. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:S141.
Kim HJ, Krenn V, Steinhauser G, Berek C. Plasma cell development in synovial germinal centres in patients with rheumatoid and reactive arthritis. J Immunol 1999;162:3053–3062.
Kim HJ, Berek C. B cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 2000;2:126–131.
Klippel JH, Weyand CM, Wortmann, RL. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th edn. Chapter 9, Arthritis Foundation, 2001.
Kotzin BL. The role of B cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl 2005;73:14–18.
Lanzavecchia A. Receptor-mediated antigen uptake and its effect on antigen presentation to class II-restricted T lymphocytes. Ann Rev Immunol 1990;8:773–793. (Not currently available online).
Martin F, Chan AC. Pathogenic roles of B cells in human autoimmunity; insights from the clinic. Immunity 2004;20:517–527.
Metlay JP, Pure E, Steinman RM. Control of the immune response at the level of antigen-presenting cells: a comparison of the function of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 1989;47:45–116. (Not currently available online).
Milner EC, Anolik J, Cappione A, Sanz I. Human innate B cells: a link between host defence and autoimmunity? Springer Semin Immunopathol 2005;26:433–452.
Mizoguchi A, Bhan AK. A case for regulatory B cells. J Immunol 2006;176:705–710.
Nemazee DA. Immune complexes can trigger specific, T cell-dependent, autoanti-IgG antibody production in mice. J Exp Med 1985;161:242–256.
Ohmori H, Kanayama N. Mechanisms leading to autoantibody production: link between inflammation and autoimmunity. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2003;2:232–241.
O'Neill SK, Shlomchik MJ, Glant TT, et al. Antigen-specific B cells are required as APCs and autoantibody-producing cells for induction of severe autoimmune arthritis. J Immunol 2005;174:3781–3788.
Panayi GS. B cells: a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44(Suppl 2):ii3–ii7.
Roosnek E, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient and selective presentation of antigen–antibody complexes by rheumatoid factor B cells. J Exp Med 1991;173:487–489.
Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Magliozzi R, et al. Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2004;14:164–174.
Shlomchik MJ, Craft JE, Mamula MJ. From T to B and back again: positive feedback in systemic autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2001;1:147–153.
Sutton B, Corper A, Bonagura V, Taussig M. The structure and origin of rheumatoid factors. Immunol Today 2000;21:177–183.
Takemura S, Klimiuk PA, Braun A, et al. T cell activation in rheumatoid synovium is B cell dependent. J Immunol 2001;167:4710–4718.
Wang H, Clarke SH. Regulation of B-cell development by antibody specificity. Curr Opin Immunol 2004;16:246–250.
Weinstein E, Peeva E, Putterman C, Diamond B. B-cell biology. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004;30:159–174.
Zhang Z, Bridges SL Jr. Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Role of B lymphocytes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001;27:335–353.